How heatwaves impact heart health: risks and precautions

Heatwaves can enormously increase the threat to heart health, mainly for vulnerable populations.

Heatwaves are more than just a discomfort—they can significantly endanger heart health, especially for vulnerable individuals. The combination of extreme temperatures, dehydration, and increased cardiovascular demand heightens the risk of serious health complications.

1. Cardiovascular System Under Strain

When exposed to high heat, the body works harder to maintain its core temperature by increasing blood flow to the skin. This forces the heart to pump faster, which can raise both heart rate and blood pressure. For individuals with underlying heart conditions, this added strain may trigger events such as heart failure or cardiac arrest. Studies have consistently linked extreme heat to spikes in cardiovascular-related deaths.

2. Dehydration and Electrolyte Loss

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Sweating excessively during a heatwave leads to fluid loss and a drop in blood volume, making it more difficult for the heart to circulate blood efficiently. Dehydration can also cause electrolyte imbalances, which may disrupt heart rhythms and increase the risk of arrhythmias. Staying well-hydrated and replenishing electrolytes is essential during periods of intense heat.

3. Elevated Risk for Older Adults

Older adults are particularly vulnerable during heatwaves due to age-related declines in thermoregulation and cardiovascular function. Their bodies may struggle to dissipate heat, and existing conditions like hypertension or coronary artery disease further elevate their risk. Research shows that heatwaves significantly raise cardiovascular mortality among the elderly.

4. Combined Threat of Air Pollution

Heatwaves often coincide with spikes in air pollution, including fine particulate matter (PM2.5). These pollutants can irritate the cardiovascular system, increase inflammation, and worsen pre-existing heart disease. The combination of extreme heat and polluted air has been shown to double the risk of fatal heart attacks in some populations.

5. Prevention and Protection

To reduce cardiovascular risks during heatwaves:

• Stay hydrated with water and electrolyte-rich fluids.
• Avoid outdoor activity during peak heat hours (usually midday).
• Use fans or air conditioning to stay cool indoors.
• Wear lightweight, breathable clothing.
• Monitor heart symptoms closely, especially if you have a pre-existing condition.

Consulting with a healthcare provider about individualized precautions is especially important for those with heart disease or at high risk.

Conclusion

Heatwaves present a serious threat to heart health, particularly for the elderly and those with cardiovascular conditions. Awareness and proactive measures can make a critical difference in reducing the risks and staying safe during periods of extreme heat.